In the lead-up to an election in which economic concerns dominate, there was no clear front-runner. Minor parties will most likely determine who governs.
Israel once had bipartisan support in the United States, but a strong showing for Democrats, some of whom are deeply critical of the war in Gaza, has left the country with fewer friends in Congress.
Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez wanted to campaign on inequality and housing, but the second major rail accident this year has put his government’s competence on trial.
Votes are still being counted, but it appears that neither Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s right-wing coalition nor the opposition alliance headed by Gadi Eisenkot will have a majority.